The study authors found that when compared with phenogroup 1, phenogroup 3 exhibited the highest risk of the primary endpoint of cardiovascular death, HF hospitalization, or aborted cardiac arrest (hazard ratio, 3.44 95% confidence interval, 2.79-4.24) phenogroups 2 and 3 demonstrated similar all-cause mortality (phenotype 2 HR, 2.36 95% CI, 1.89-2.95 phenotype 3 HR, 2.26 95% CI, 1.77-2.87). Phenogroup 3 (n = 899) demonstrated more functional impairment, obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, concentric LV hypertrophy, high renin, and biomarkers of tumor necrosis factor-alpha–mediated inflammation, liver fibrosis, and tissue remodeling.Phenogroup 2 (n = 1,329) was older, with normotrophic concentric LV remodeling, atrial fibrillation, left atrial enlargement, large-artery stiffening, and biomarkers of innate immunity and vascular calcification. ![]() Phenogroup 1 (n = 1,214) exhibited younger age, higher prevalence of smoking, preserved functional class, and the least evidence of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and arterial stiffness. ![]() The authors identified three HFpEF phenogroups.
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